Holi 2010

NRN Interaction At Yak

I was at the NRN Interaction at Yak in Jackson Heights yesterday. I became Mayor of Patel Brothers not long after.

Jay Prakash Gupta: Note Of Disssent

>L ;efklt hL

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf zlQmsf] af“8kmf“6 ;ldlt

laifo M km/s dt k]z u/]sf] .

      /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf zlQmsf] af“8kmf“6 ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q cGt/utsf] æk|b]zsf] lgdf{0fÆ efusf] k|b]zsf] ;+Vof, ;Ldfgf / If]q jf/]sf] cg';"lr–! sf ;DaGwdf d]/f] lgDgfg';f/sf] ts{ / sf/0f ;lxtsf] km/s dt /x]sf]n] ;f] sf/0f ;lxtsf] km/s dtnfO{ k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z u/L lbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

km/s dt /fVg' kgf{sf] sf/0f M !_ g]kfndf PsfTdjfbL  /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L k|fb]lzs jf ;+3Lo rl/qsf] /fHo k|0ffnL sfod ul/g' kg]{ :ki6 /fhgLlts df+u d'n'ss} Oltxf;df ;j{k|yd dw];af6} p7]sf] tYonfO{ o; ;ldltsf] cjwf/0ff kqd} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn t/fO{ sf+u|];n] lj=;+= @))* ;fndf :jfoQ t/fO{ k|b]zsf] df“u /fv]kl5 dfq tTsflng g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{af6 @))* ;fndf :yfgLo / OnfsLo ;/sf/ u7gsf] k|:tfj cfPsf], g]kfnL sf+u|];af6 @))( ;fndf )& ;fn k"j{sf] /fHo;+/rgfnfO{ dfq abNg] tyf c+rn, lhNnf, ufp“ / gu/ ;lxtsf] ;+/rgf k|:tfljt ePsf] xf] . g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{n] @)$* ;fnkl5 g]kfnnfO{ kf“r k|b]zsf] ;+/rgfdf n}hfg' kg]{ dfunfO{ p7fof] . lj=;+= @)%@ df g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ ;Da4 ;+o'St hgdf]rf{ g]kfnn] cfÎgf] rfnL; a'“b] dfudf :jfoQ zf;g, lkl58Psf Onfsfx¿nfO{ If]qLo :jfoQtf Pj+ kxf8 / t/fO{sf] If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTosf] ljifonfO{ p7fPsf] xf] .

      @_ P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng, dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 / dxfg dw]; cfGbf]ngx¿af6 7f]; ¿kdf cleJoQm efjgf cg'¿k g} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg–@)^$ df laleGg /fhgLlts bnx¿n] hgtfsf ;fd' /fhgLlts 3f]if0ff kqdf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] laifonfO{ dxTjsf ;fy p7fP/ leGg leGg cfsf/sf] hgdt kfPsf x'g\ .

      oL ;a}sf afjh"b d'n'snfO{ ;+3fTds g} agfpg' kg]{ hgtfsf] /fhgLlts cfsfª\Iff kl5Nnf] k6s :ki6 ¿kdf lj=;+= @)^# sf] dw]z cfGbf]ngaf6 d'vl/t ePs} sf/0fn] ;+3Lotf / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] k|fjwfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ePsf] xf] . ;du|tfdf pko'Qm{ k[i7e"lddf dfq d'n'ssf] Ph]08f /fHosf] ;du| k'g;+{/rgf aGg uPsf] xf] . o; P]ltxfl;s tYoaf6 :ki6 x'G5 ls, jf:tjdf dw];L zlQm dfqn] ;a}eGbf klxnf /fHosf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] Ph]08fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+3Lotfsf] df+unfO{ cuf8L ;f/]sf] xf] . cfh, clxn] ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf laleGg k|lj|mofx¿af6 /fHosf] oyfy{ ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfp“bf sltko d'Vo /fhgLlts kf6L{ elgg]x¿ cfh cfkm'nfO{ o; df+uaf6 k5f8L kmsf{pg yfn]sf 5g\ . s]xL /fhgLlts kf6L{n] t v'nf ¿kdf ;+3Lotfsf] lj/f]w g} ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL g]tfx¿n] t Oltxf; / k+rfotsfn b]lvg} cfh;Dd ljBdfg PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnLnfO{ g} sfod /fVg] u/L gfd dfqsf] ;+3Lotf x]t" pQ/–blIf0fsf] k|b]z agfpg' kg]{ / h'g pkj|md Pj+ cfwf/af6 ePklg dw];nfO{ ljeflht ug{ nfuL k/]sf 5g\ . dw];L hgtfsf] cu'jfO{df / d'n'ssf ;a} cflbjf;L–hghflt, blnt tyf cGo zf]lift / alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfox¿sf] xft]dfnf]af6 PsfTdjfbL /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ 9fNg] sfd ePsfn] g} o; cleofgsf] cu'jfO{ u/] jfktsf] b08 lbg cfh PsfTdjfbL Joj:yfsf k[i7kf]ifsx¿ dw];nfO{ tf]8\g Ps ePsf 5g\ . oxL dgf]ut kl/l:yltdf o; ;ldltaf6 ;d]t cfÎg} cjwf/0ff kqdf :jLsfl/Psf] klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf cfwf/x¿ ljkl/t k|b]z /rgfsf gS;fx¿, k|b]zx¿sf] ;Ldf+sg, gfd+sg, ;+Vof / th'{dfsf] ljwL tof/ ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ g} /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf zlQmsf] af8kmf“6 ;ldltn] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t u/]sf]n] dw];L hgtfsf] efjgf / cledtsf] cfwf/df o:tf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dy{g ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g . of] sfo{ zf+lt / ;b\efj kIfLo dw]; / dw];L hgtfsf] lj?4 PsfTdjfbL /fHo ;+/rgfsf kIfw/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] PstkmL{ o'4 xf] . t;y{ o;sf] a}rfl/s k|ltjfbsf nflu of] km/s dt /fVg afWo x'g' k/]sf] xf] .

;ldlt ;dIf k|:t't gS;faf6 ;ldltn] kfl/t u/]sf] cfwf/x¿sf] pn+3g ePsf] 5 .

;ldltn] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df b]xfosf] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lyof] M -cjwf/0ff kq, kl/R5]b–rf/, $=!=@, $=!=@=! / $=!=@=@_

       klxrfgsf] cfwf/ M ;+3Lo k|b]z lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df k|d'v k|ltlglw d"ns klxrfgsf] ¿kdf lgDg % cfwf/ dflgof] M !_ hftLo÷;d'bfo, @_ eflifs, #_ ;f“:s[lts, $_ ef}uf]lns÷If]qut lg/Gt/tf / %_ P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tf .

;fdYo{sf cfwf/ M k|b]zx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ pko'Qm{ klxrfgsf cltl/Qm ;fdYo{sf $ cfwf/nfO{ dflgof] M !_ cfly{s cGt/;DjGw / ;fdYo{tf, @_ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf, #_ k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknJwtf, /      $_ Kf|zf;lgs ;'udtf

   ;du|tfdf eGg' kbf{ g]kfndf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] nflu klxrfg / ;fdYo{ ;ldl>t cfwf/ g} s'g} klg k|b]zsf]÷;a} k|b]zx¿sf] /rgfsf] cf}lrTok"0f{ of]Uotf x'g] ;ldltsf] lgisif{ /x]sf]df ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . o; cg';f/ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] af“8kmf“8 ;ldltsf] cfh;Ddsf a}7sx¿n] b]xfosf laifodf ;xdt g} /x]sf] xf] M

   !_ If]qLo pTkL8gnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ ;Sg] ;+/rgf . @_ ef}uf]lns Ps¿ktf jf lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg] .

   #_ ;dfg hfltut ;3gtf jf cGt/cfj4tfsf] /Iff ug]{ .  $_ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fd'bflos ljz]iftfdf hf]8 lbg] .

%_ ;f“:s[lts ;3gtfsf If]qnfO{ Ps} 7fpdf /fVg] . ^_ Efflifs ;3gtfsf If]qx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fVg] .

&_ ;dfg k|sf/sf] pBdzLntf jf cfly{s s[ofsnfk / *_ k"jf{wf/ tyf k|zf;lgs ;'udtfnfO{ ljrf/ ug]{ .

      oxf“ pNn]v ePsf cfwf/x¿ s} kl/wLdf /x]/ vf;u/L dw]; If]qsf] jf/]df ljrf/ ul/g' kb{Yof] . ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t cfwf/sf] ljkl/t uO{ dw]; If]qnfO{ Pp6} k|b]zsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lbg' kg]{ cf}lrTo / klxrfg tyf ;fdYo{sf] b]xfosf] cj:yf /xbf“ /xb}+ dw]; If]qnfO{ k|:t't gS;fdf ljeflht ul/of] . 

      !_ If]qLo klxrfg M dw];L / dw];sf] ;d:of eg]s} g]kfnsf] /fHo;Qfn] cfGtl/s cf}klgj]zLs/0fsf] gLltsf txt ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{÷dw];sf] If]qdf cflbjf;L yf¿ ;d'bfo, u}/ yf¿ dw];L ;d'bfo, wfld{s cNk;+Vos d';ndfg ;d'bfo / dw];L blnt ;d'bfo ;d]tsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s–;f“:s[lts / /fhgLlts zf]if0f xf] :ki6 5 . o; cg';f/sf] zf]if0fsf] dfWodaf6 ;du| dw];nfO{ lje]b tyf alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf] xf] . dw];nfO{ leGg–leGg e"efusf] k|b]zdf af“l8bf /fHo ;Qfdf dw];L ;d'bfo lg0ff{os x'g ;Sb}g / dw];df ljBdfg cfGtl/s cf}klgj]zLs/0fsf] cGTo x'g ;Sb}g . dw];Lsf] :jzf;g sfod x'g ;Sb}g . dw];sf] klxrfg / dfGotf /xb}g .

      @_ hftLo÷;d'bfo M dw];sf] ;+/rgf ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s / ax';f+:s[lts k|sf/sf] 5 . dw];df a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} dw];L xf]Ogg\ . …dw]; / dw];LÚ ;f+:s[lts klxrfg;+u hf]l8Psf] a[xQ/ kl/ro xf] . dw];df hf] u}/ g]kfnL dft[efifL ePsf u}/ kxf8L d"nsf cflbjf;Lx¿ x'g\–h;sf cfk\mg} df}lns ;+:s[lt, efiffx¿, e]ife"iff, hLjgz}nL / 5'§} klxrfg 5–dw];L x'g\ . dw];df laleGg hftLo ;d'bfox¿sf] k'Vof}{nL af;sf] If]q l;dLt 7f“pdf s]Gb|Lt 5}g . s;}sf] s]xL :yfgx¿df a9L 3gf cfjfbL ePklg k'/} dw];df km}lnP/ /x]sf]5 . yf¿x¿ klZrdsf s+rgk'/ b]lv k"j{sf] df]/+u;Dd km}lnPsf 5g\ . d';ndfg ;d'bfo af“s] b]lv emfkf;Dd Ps 7"nf] ;d"xsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L g} dw];sf ofbj, jlgof, sf]O{/L h:tf hftx¿ dxfsfnL b]lv emfkf;Dd km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ . dw];sf hft ;d'bfodf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] hg;+Vofsf] tasf cGo dw];L -lk58fju{–dw];L hft ;d"xsf ePklg lxGb' j0f{Joj:yf cg';f/ pRr hftdf gk/]sf, ;fdflhs÷z}lIfs ¿kdf lk58LPsf tyf dfgj ljsf; ;'rsf+s ;d]tsf cfwf/df k5f8L k/]sf blnt jfx]ssf]_ of] ;d'bfo klg k"/} dw];df 5l/P/ a;]sf 5g\ . dw];L blntx¿ k"/} dw];df km}lnPsf 5g\ . o;} u/L dw];sf kxf8L ;d'bfo klg k'/} dw];df km}lnP/ a;]sf] 5 . ;fy} lt ;a} ;d'bfo k/Dk/fut cGt/ cfj4tfdf a;]sf 5g\ . ;dli6df dw];sf lhNnfx¿ ljljwtfo'Qm hft÷hfltsf] cfwf/df Ps cfk;df k/Dk/fut a;f]af;sf] cfwf/df hf]l8P/ /x]sf 5g\ . ;a} dw];L ;d'bfo ;db[Zo 5}gg\ t/klg ;f´f ;f+:s[lts cGt/tTjnfO{ ztflAbof}+ b]lv k|jflxt ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ztflAbof}+ b]lvsf] 3ft k|lt3ft kl5 klg dw];Lx¿ df´ ;femf ;+:s[ltsf] d"n tTj lhp“b}   5 . dw];L leqsf] of] df}lns kIf g} ;f´f lj/f;t xf] . dw];nfO{ o; cy{ / cfwf/df ljeflht ul/g' x'Gg\ .

      #_ Efflifs M g]kfndf af]lng] dft[efiffx¿nfO{ d'VotM !_ O08f]–o'/f]kLog ;d"x,    @_ l;gf]]–l6a]6Log ;d"x,  #_ P:6«f]–Plzofl6s ;d"x, / $_ b|lal8og ;d"xdf u/L rf/ d"n ;d"xdf laefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;dWo] l;gf]–l6a]6Log ;d"xsf bg'jf/L tyf P:6«f]–Plzofl6s ;d"xsf ;tf/ / ;GyfnL afx]s dw];df af]lng] d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, cjwL, /fha+zL, lxGbL / pb'{ ;a} efiffx¿ Pp6} O08f]]–o'/f]kLog ;d"x  -ef/f]k]nL_ leq kb{5 . cljZj;gLo ljBdfg tYof+ssf] cfwf/df O08f]]–o'/f]kLog ;d"xsf v; s'/f cyf{t g]kfnL efiff ;a} eGbf a9L af]lng] efiffdf cfp“5 . ;g\ @))! sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ O08f]]–o'/f]kLog ;d"xsf dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ s"n &(=!∞, l;gf]–l6a]6Log ;d"xsf !*=$∞, P:6«f]]–Plzofl6s ;d"xsf )=@∞ / b|lal8og ;d"xsf dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ )=!∞ /x]sf] 5 . cGo dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ @=@∞ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿sf] s"n $*=^!∞ sf] t'ngfdf dw];L d"nsf dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ #!=*$∞ /x]sf] 5 .

    g]kfnsf] eflifs l:yltsf] /dfOnf] kIf s] klg xf] eg] kxf8L ;d'bfosf g]kfnL efifLx¿  / dw];L ;d'bfosf k|fo;M ;a}n] Pp6} ;d"x, ef/f]k]nL ;d"xs} efiff af]N5g\ . o; eGbf leGg kxf8L ;d'bfo leqsf hftLo ;d'bfosfx¿n] d'VotM l;gf]]–l6a]6Log / P:6«f]–Plzofl6s ;d"xsf] efiff af]N5g\ . kxf8L d"nsf dflg;x¿df eflifs cfwf/df s}og dft[efiff af]Ng]x¿ ePtfklg ss];fO8 -caucasoid cast_ hft / d+uf]nfO8 -mongoloid ethnics_ hflt, d"ntM oL b'O{ ;d"x kb{5g\ . o:tf] efiff af]Ng] ;d"xx¿ :jefjtM k'Vof}{nL ynf]x¿;+u cfj4 5g\ / efiffsf] k|of]usf] If]q lglZrt tyf ;Lldt e"uf]n leq 5 . hals, dw];df af]lng] k|fo;M ;a} efiffsf] k|of]usf] If]q lj:tfl/t /x]sf 5g\ . dw];sf hft÷hfltx¿ h;/L dw];sf] 7"nf] v08df km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\, ;f]xL cg';f/g} dw];sf efiffx¿ s]xL vf; If]qdf 3lge"t /x] klg k|fo;M oL efiffx¿sf] k|rng k"/} dw];df 5 . yf¿ efiff leGgleGg af]nLsf] ¿kdf nueu k"/} dw];df  af]lnG5g\ . d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, pb"{, lxGbL ;a} lt/ af]lnG5g\ . dw];sf] hg;+Vofsf] Ps d'Vo efu /x]sf] d';ndfgx¿ pb"{ g} af]Nb}gg\ . logLx¿ dw];sf] k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Ddsf] a;f]af;sf cfwf/df tT7f“psf efiffx¿ af]Ng] u5{g\ . o;} u/L a+ufnLx¿ g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] ;+/rgfdf 5'§} eflifs ;d"xsf] ¿kdf ;'rLs[t 5 . a+ufnL Pp6f hft eGbf klg eflifs ¿kd} dfGotf kfPsf] 5 / a+ufnLx¿ 3/ leq a+ufnL tyf Jojxf/df dw];sf cGo efiffx¿   af]N5g\ . dw];sf ;a} efiffefifLsf] b[l6sf]0faf6 cGt/cfj4 If]q x'g uPsf] 5 . o;y{ eflifs ¿kdf cGt/cfj4 If]qnfO{ ljeflht ul/g' :jo+ ;ldltsf] :jLs[t dfGotfsf] ljkl/t xf] .  

      $_ ;femf Oltxf;÷;+:s[lt M dw]; / oxf“sf afl;Gbfx¿sf] P]ltxfl;stfsf jf/]df laleGg e|dx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;j{k|yd dw];sf] k|fb]lzs k|frLgtf tyf Toxf“+sf] k|frLg a;f]jf;sf] jf/]df ljBdfg e|dnfO{ x6fpg' cfjZos 5 . laleGg k|fuP]ltxfl;s u|Gyx¿sf] ;d'lrt cWoogaf6 klg cfhsf] dw]; elgg] e"–efudf k|fuP]ltxfl;s dfgja;f]jf;, kf}/fl0fs /fHox¿sf] cl:tTjsf] tYo :yflkt x'G5 . k|flrgsfndf o; If]qdf ldlynf, ljb]x, lt/x'tL, zfSo, sf]lnof, sf]lrnf cflb h:tf k|l;4 hgkb tyf u0f/fHox¿ lyP . ldlynf /fHosf] /fhwfgL hgsk'/ o;}sf Ps pbfx/0f x'g\ . o;} u/L uf}td a'4sf] hGd dWot/fO{sf] n'lDagL If]qdf ePsf]af6 klg o; If]qdf ltgtfssf z;Qm /fHox¿ /x]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft 5 .

    !# cf}+ ztfAbLtfsf dw];sf] l;d/f}gu9 Ps dxTjk"0f{ /fHosf] ¿kdf :yflkt lyof] . l;d/f}gu9df g} ;g\ !##$ df ef/tsf d';ndfg zf;s uof;'2Lg t'unsn] blIf0f lt/af6 eLif0f cfj|m|d0f u/]kl5 Toxf“sf /fhf xl/b]j l;+x knfog u/L sf7df08f}+ pkTosfdf k|j]z u/]sf lyP . d';ndfgx¿ Tolx j]nf dWo dw];sf If]qx¿df k|j]z u/]sf x'g\ . o;sf] w]/} kl5, ef/tsf] ;g\ !*%& sf] ub/ lab|f]x pk/fGt a]ud xh/t dxn tyf pQ/ ef/tsf gjfj lalh{; sb/sf ;fy z/0ffyL{ e} cfpg] j|mddf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf d';ndfgx¿ klZrdsf dw]; tyf s]xL kxf8L e"efux¿df ;d]t a:g k'u]sf x'g\ . xfn d'n'sdf e}/x]sf] sltko ef}ule{s Pj+ k'/ftflTjs cWoogx¿af6 klg dw];df dfgj a;f]jf;sf] cl:tTj cToGt k|frLg /x]sf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .

    cfof{jt{sf] kf}/fl0fssfn b]lvg} cfhsf] dw]; If]qsf] e"efu ef/tLo ;“:s[ltsf] cGt/cfj4tfdf /x]sf] lyof] . o;/L laleGg sfnv08x¿df x'g] u/]sf /fHox¿sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0fsf] ;Gbe{df laleGg /fHox¿sf] gfddf o; If]qn] cl:tTj u|x0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oxf“+ la;{g x'Gg\ ls, ;g\ !*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;GwLaf6 la|l6; ef/t / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf a+zh zf;sx¿af6 la|l6;af6 k|lt/Iffsf] lxt ;Da4{g tyf zfx–/f0ff /fHo :jfy{sf] cfly{s n]gb]gsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ef}uf]lns :j¿k lgwf{l/t ePsf] xf] . pQm ;GwLaf6 k/fDk/fut ¿kdf /x]sf] dw];sf] 7'nf] e"–efu u'dfpg xfdL afWo eof}++ . g]kfnsf] Plss/0f eGbf klxn] cfhsf] dw]; elgg] If]qdf dsjfgk'/] ;]g /fhfx¿sf] /fHosf] lj:tf/ dw];sf] af/f, k;f{, /f}tx6 x'b} k"j{df df]/+u;Dd k'Uof] . g]kfnsf] Plss/0fsfndf klg k"j{sf] ljhok'/ ;]g /fHo k"j{df l6:6f gbL, klZrddf sf]zL gbL, pQ/df ltAat / blIf0fdf xfn ef/t, ljxf/ /fHosf] k"l0f{of eGg] :yfg;Dddf km}lnPsf] lyof] .

    g]kfnsf] dw]; If]qdf k/Dk/f b]lv b'O{ k|sf/sf a;f]jf; /x\of] . vf; u/L dxfef/t kj{tsf] blIf0f tkm{ /x]sf] r'/] h+unsf] km]bLsf] k"j{ klZrd km}lnPsf] If]q, h;nfO{ xfdL leqL dw]; elg hfGb5f}+–o; If]qdf nfdf] ;do;Dd afSnf] h+un / kftnf] a:tL /x\of] . dw];sf s]xL cflbjf;L ;d'bfox¿ k|f/lDes cj:yf b]lv g} oxf“ a;f]jf; ul/cfPsf x'g\ . o;eGbf blIf0fsf] If]q, h'g k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Dd ef/tsf] ;Ldf;+u hf]l8P/ uPsf] 5, o;nfO{ aflx/L dw]; elgG5 . aflx/L dw];sf] If]q k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv g} 3gfa:tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] xf] . cfhsf k|fo;M ;a} 3gf dw];L zx/ tyf uf“pa:tLx¿ ToxL k'/fgf dw];L a;f]jf;sf] km}lnPsf] ¿k xf] . o; If]qdf hg;+Vof tyf cfafbLsf] lj:tf/ x'b} uPkl5 dw];L elgPsf c? sltko hft÷hflt tyf ;d'bfox¿ jg kftlnb}+ uPsf] pQ/ lt/sf] leqL dw];sf] If]q tkm{ klg lj:tf/} a:g yfn]sf x'g\ . k|frLg Oltxf;sf ;Gbe{df k"j{sf ldlynf /fHo, l;d|f}gu9 tyf zfSo u0f/fHo cflbsf] pkl:ylt clxn] g]kfnsf] e"efu dflgg] dw];    -t/fO{_ s} clwsf+z efunfO{ ;d]6]/ /x]sf tYox¿ pknAw 5g\ .

    dw];sf cflbjf;L tyf hghflt ;d'bfodf wfld{s / ;f“:s[lts ¿kdf cGo dw];L ;d'bfo;+u ulx/f] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . dw];sf cflbjf;L hghfltdf pkf;gf k4ltdf leGgtf ePklg yf¿, /fha+zL, sf]r, lwdfn, ugufO{, bg'jf/, ls;fg, tfhk'/Lof cflb s'g} g s'g} cfwf/ / k/Dk/fut ¿kdf lxGb' wd{s} cfj4tfdf /x]sf 5g\ . t;y{ kxf8L ;d'bfosf cflbjf;L–hghfltdf b]lvPsf] k[ys klxrfgsf] vf]hL em} dw];df lxGb' hft ;d"xsfnfO{ dfq dw];L dfGg' / cflbjf;L hghfltx¿nfO{ dw];L gdfGg' unt xf] . dw];sf] wfld{s / ;f“:s[lts / If]qLo cGt/cfj4tfsf] ;Gbe{df dw];L eGgfn] ;d]lst ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf a'e\mg' kb{5 .

      dw];L ;d'bfo leqsf laleGg hfthflt dw];sf vf;–vf; efudf s]Gb|Lt /xL a;f]jf; u/]klg yf¿ ;d'bfo k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf 5g\ . t/fO{–dw];sf] pQ/L e]u, vf;u/L r'/] If]qsf] blIf0f lt/ a:b} cfPsf yf¿x¿ o; If]qsf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf afl;Gbf x'g\ . yf¿x¿ dw];sf Ps cflbjf;L x'g\ . otf yf¿x¿sf] af]nLnfO{ ;du|tfdf …yf¿ efiffÚ egL cleofg rnfOP klg a:t'tM logLx¿ g]kfnsf] k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd alHhsf efiffs} k|efjdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

       yf¿x¿ em}+ …bg'jf/Ú, …b/}Ú, …s'≈dfnÚ …s'dfn]Ú / …dfemLÚ g]kfnsf pQ/L dw];df h+un lt/ ws]lnPsf k|rLg hfltx¿ x'g\ . logLx¿ g} af:tjdf dxfef/t kj{tsf] blIf0fL e]b jf efj“/ If]qsf afl;Gbf x'g\ . oL hfltx¿ k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf 5g\ . k"jL{ g]kfnsf emfkf / df]/+u lhNnf …tfhk'/LofÚ, …/fhj+zLÚ tyf …ugufO{Ú hfltsf] d"n ynf] xf] . ef/tsf] s'rljxf/  -xfn a+ufn / c;fdsf] ;Ldf_ af6 O{:jL ;Datsf] rf}+wf}+ ztfAbL lt/ …sf]rÚ x¿n] k"jL{ g]kfndf cfP/ Toxf“sf lnDa"x¿;+u ldn]/ …ljhok'/Ú uf“pnfO{ /fhwfgL agfP/ /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . O{:jL ;Datsf] ;f]¥xf}+ ztfAbLsf] dWo efudf kfNkfnL /fhf d's'Gb ;]g k|ydn] …sf]rÚ /fhfx¿nfO{ To; If]qaf6 x6fP/ Toxf“ cfÎgf] …;]gÚ /fHosf] lj:tf/ u/]sf] lyof] . k"jL{ g]kfndf emfkf / df]/+usf dxfef/t kj{tdfnfsf vf]“rx¿df …lwdfnÚ hfltsf] cfafbL 5 . o;/L g} d]rL gbLsf pkTosfx¿df …d]r]Ú jf …jf]8f]Ú hfltsf] a;f]jf; 5 . of] If]q …lwdfnÚ, …d]r]Ú jf …jf]8f]Ú sf] cflb e"ld xf] . …;tf/Ú …p/f“jÚ …emf“u8Ú jf …wf“u8Ú h:tf sd ;+Vofdf /x]sf dw];sf cflbjf;L hfltx¿ k"j{df emfkf b]lv hgsk'/;Dd km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ . t/ d'VotM emfkf, df]/+u / ;'g;/L lhNnf logLx¿sf] k'Vof}{nL cfjfbLsf] If]q xf] .       

      ;+Vofsf] lx;fan] dw];sf Ps d'Vo hft …ofbjÚ k"jL{ g]kfnsf ;'g;/L b]lv /f}tx6;Dd, jfudtL / sf]zL gbLsf] aLrdf afSnf]u/L a;]sf 5g\ . xfn hg;+Vof ;g]{ laleGg sf/0fx¿sf] ;Gbe{df …ofbjÚx¿sf] a;f]jf; nueu k'/} g]kfnsf dw]; If]qdf km}lnPsf] 5 . logLx¿ h'gh'g 7f“pdf a;]sf 5g\ ;f]xL 7f“psf af]nLx¿ af]Ng] u5{g . k;f{, gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL / af“s] lhNnfx¿df …s'dL{Ú hfltsf] k'/fgf] a;f]jf; 5 . d'VotM ;fu;AhL v]tL / s[lifdf nfu]sf o; hftsf dflg;x¿ nueu k'/} dw];df km}lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ . logLx¿sf cg]sg\ hftLo y/x¿ 5g\ . d';ndfgx¿ klg s'g} lglZrt 7f“pdf dfq ga;]/ k"j{ klZrd u/L km}lnPsf 5g\ . vf;u/L d';ndfgx¿ dw];sf blIf0fL ;LdfjtL{ If]qx¿df a:b5g\ . t/ d';ndfgx¿sf] afSnf] a;f]jf; /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, slkna:t' / af“s] lhNnfdf 5 . …d}lynÚdf laleGg y/sf a|Dx0fx¿ d'VotM ;Kt/L b]lv wg'iff;Dddf / o;} u/L /fhk'tx¿ ;Kt/L b]lv /f}tx6;Dd kf/Dkl/s ¿kdf a;f]jf; ul/cfPsf 5g\ . dw];sf cGo hfthfltx¿ j}Zo, algof, /f}gLof/, ;'8L, t]nL, snjf/, sfg", xn'jfO{, syalgoF, sfo:y, ;Gof;L, a+ufnL, h}g -df/jf8L_, l;v, xn'jfO{, /fhwf]a, /fhef/, wfg's, ;f]gf/, cdft, xhfd÷gfO{, s'Dxf/, nf]xf/, a9O{, a/O{, g'lgof, dfnL cflb s'g} s]xL lglZrt 7f“pdf cGoyf km}lnP/ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qsf laleGg hfthfltx¿sf] a;f]jf; gbLx¿sf] aLrsf efudf s]Gb|Lt /x]sf] 5 . kxf8sf o:tf gbL If]qx¿df k[ys–k[ys hfthfltx¿, leGg–leGg efifLx¿ a;LcfPsf 5g\ . t/   t/fO{ If]qsf d"n lgjf;L dw];Lx¿sf] k|frLg a;f]jf; / efiff k|rng o; k|sf/af6 5'l6[Psf]  5}g . o;/L ;femf ;+:s[lt / Oltxf; af]s]sf] of}6} ;d'bfonfO{ k|b]z /rgfsf] ;Gbe{df ljeflht ul/g' klg oxL ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfGotfsf] ljkl/t sfo{ xf] .

      %_ ef}uf]lns÷If]qut lg/Gt/tf M g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ljefhgsf ;j{;Ddt ¿kdf b'O{j6f cfwf/x¿ dflgPsf] 5 M !_ ;d'b|Ltx b]lvsf] prf“O /, @_ d'Vo gbLåf/f l;+rfO{ ul/Psf] If]q . g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ dw]; If]q ef}uf]lns ¿kdf pQ/ ef/tsf] u+ufsf] d}bfgL efus} c+u xf] . prf“Osf] lx;fjn] g]kfnsf] nueu ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q ^) dL6/ b]lv @)) ld6/ ;Dd 5 . lelq dw];sf pkTosfx¿ ;d'Gb|sf] ;txaf6 #)) dL6/ b]lv &)) dL6/;Ddsf] prf“O{df 5 . dw];sf] If]qkmn g]kfnsf] s'n e"efusf] @#∞ cyf{t #$)!( ju{ ls=dL= /x]sf] 5 . k"j{ b]lv klZrddf u/L dw]; If]qsf] nDafO{ %)) dfOn / pQ/ blIf0fsf] rf}8fO{ ;/b/ @) dfOn /x]sf] 5 . dw];df lgdf{0f e} ;s]sf] k"/} dw]; l5rf]Ng] k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf] nDafO{ !!)) ls=dL= 5 . ;Dk"0f{ dw];df Ps} k|sf/sf] ;dlztf]i0f hnjfo" 5 / hf8f] ofddf klg ;dfg k|sf/s} df};d /xg] ub{5 . 

      g]kfnsf k|fo;M ;a} dxTjk"0f{ gbLx¿ h:t} M d]rL, sGsfO{, sf]zL, sdnf, jfudtL, gf/fo0fL -u08s_, /fKtL, aaO{, s0ff{nL / dxfsfnL -zf/bf_ pQ/af6 dw]; eP/} ef/tdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] dw]; If]qn] k"j{, blIf0f / klZrddf u/L l5d]sL /fi6« ef/tsf] klZrd a+ufn, ljxf/, pQ/ k|b]z / pQ/fv08 /fHox¿nfO{ 5f]Psf] 5 . To;} u/L d'Vo gbLåf/f l;+rfO ul/Psf If]qsf cfwf/df sf]zL k|b]z   -d]rL / sf]zL] aLrsf] e"efu_, jfudtL k|b]z -jfudtL gbL / o;sf zfvf gbLn] l;+r]sf If]q_, u08sL k|b]z -d"ntM uf];fOyfg—wf}nflu/L aLrsf gbLx¿ ljz]if ¿kdf ;Ktu08sLn] l;+lrt If]q_ / s0ff{nL k|b]z -wf}nflu/Lb]lv gGbfb]jL aLrsf gbLåf/f l;+lrt If]q_ dflgPsf  5g\ . o;/L g} g]kfnsf] dw]; x'b} pQ/af6 blIf0f lt/ aUg] gbLx¿sf] aLrsf] If]qsf] cfwf/df dw];nfO{ kf“r If]qdf ljeflht ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . tL If]qx¿ -!_ d]rL b]lv sf]zL;Dd -@_ sf]zLb]lv jfudtL;Dd -#_ jfudtLb]lv gf/fo0fL;Dd -$_ gf/fo0fL    -u08sL_ b]lv /fKtL;Dd /, -%_ /fKtLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd 5g\ . pko'Qm{ cfwf/df g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]q ef}uf]lns jf k|fs[lts cfwf/df Ps} k|sf/sf] / cGt/cfj4 5 . xfn k|zf;lgs ¿kdf tyf af]nL / njhsf] sf]0faf6 leGg–leGg v08df ljeflht b]lvP klg dw];af;Lsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, k'/} dw];df ;dfg k|sf/sf] 5 . e"–;tx, xfjfkfgL, gbLsf] axfjsf] cfwf/df cToGt} ;dfgtf / ;d/;tfsf] Ps} If]q xf] . o; k|sf/sf] ef}uf]lns / If]qut lg/Gt/tfsf] k|b]znfO{ ljeflht ul/g' ;ldlt :jo+n] :yflkt u/]sf] dfGotfsf] lans'n} ljkl/t sfo{ xf], h'g k|:t't gS;f÷gS;fx¿af6 ePsf] 5 .

      ^_ cfly{s cGt/;DjGw M s'g} klg :yfg jf If]qsf] d'Vo cfly{s sfo{x¿sf] dfkg s]xL lglZrt cfwf/x¿af6 ul/G5 . h; cg';f/ s[lifdf cfwfl/t sfo{, pTkfbgzLn If]q -manufacturing area_, pBf]u÷Joj;fo               -trade/business_ / ;]jf If]q -service sector_ nfO{ g} cfwf/ dflgPsf] x'G5 . g]kfndf ;/sf/L txaf6 tYof+s ;+sng ubf{sf] k4lt klg olx g} xf] . o; cfwf/df dw]; If]qdf k|fo;M Ps} k|sf/sf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk tyf pBdzLntf ljBdfg /x]sf]   b]lvG5 . s[lifnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ljrf/ ubf{ d'n'ssf] s"n s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] -national agriculture holdings_ t'ngfdf dw];df s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] ks8 -distribution of agriculture holdings_ dw];sf] ;a} lhNnfx¿df nueu Ps} k|sf/sf] 5 . o;nfO{ k|ltztdf ljrf/ ubf{ klZrdaf6 s+rgk'/df !=^, s}nfnLdf @=#, af“s] !=%, alb{of !=$, bf+u @=), slkna:t' !=&, ?kGb]xL @=^, gjnk/f;L @=%, lrtf}g @=!, k;f{ !=^, af/f !=(, /f}tx6df @=), ;nf{xLdf @=%, dxf]Q/Ldf @=@, wg'iffdf @=^, l;/xfdf @=#, ;Kt/Ldf @=@, ;'g;/Ldf @=$, df]/+u #=$ / emfkfdf #=! /x]sf]   5 . o;n] dw];sf ;a} lhNnfdf s[lif ;dfg k|sf/sf] pBdzLntfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] tYout k'li6 x'G5 . o;af6 :ki6 x'g hfG5 ls, dw];df k"/} dw]; nueu Ps} k|sf/sf] pBdzLntf 5 . ;fy} nueu ;a}h;f] lhNnfx¿df nueu Ps} k|sf/sf] hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/ To:tf sfo{df nfu]sf 5g\ . o;df a'Σg' kg]{ csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ laifo xf] M dw];df b]lvPsf oL ;dfg k|sf/ tyf ;dfg rl/qsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk glhssf lhNnfx¿df cfk:tdf cGt/ ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu emfkf, df]/+u / ;'g;/Lsf] s[lif ahf/ / wg'iff, dxf]Q/L tyf ;nf{xLsf] s[lif ahf/ To:t} gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL / slkna:t'sf] pTkfbg k|lj|mof tyf ahf/ cToGt} cGt/ ;DalGwt 5g\ . o;/L cfly{s lj|mofsnfkaf6 cGt/ cfj4 If]qnfO{ k|b]z lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{df ljeflht ul/g' x'Gg\ .

^M! cfly{s ;fdYo{tf M g]kfndf s/ tyf u}/–s/af6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:jsf] cj:yfnfO{ lhNnfut lx;fan] ;+lIfKt ¿kdf tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd d'n'ssf] s'g} klg efuaf6 s]Gb|n] ;+sng ug]{ /fh:jsf] ljlgof]hg s]Gb|s} If]qflwsf/ ePklg oxf“ ;|f]tsf] cWoogsf] lglDt of] ljj/0f lbO{Psf] 5 . o; cfwf/df g]kfnsf] dw]; If]qaf6 ;+sng x'g] /fh:j To; If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|r"/ b]lvG5 . of] dw]; k|b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdYo{tfsf] alnof] cfwf/ xf] .

g]kfndf /fh:j ;+sng, @)^#÷^$

lhNnf	s"n /fh:jsf] k|ltzQ
sf7df08f}	$!=@
k;f{	@$=*
Dff]/ª÷?kGb]xL÷emfkf	!$=@
l;Gw'kfNrf]s÷nlntk'/	%=)
cGo ^* lhNnf	!$=*
hDdf	!))=)

      Dfflysf] tflnsfaf6 k|i6 x'G5 ls of}6} dw]; k|b]z /fh:j ;+sngsf] b[li6n] To; k|b]zdf ljQLo :yfloTj k|bfg ug{ k"0f{ ;Ifd x'g]5 lsgeg] g]kfnsf] s"n /fh:jsf] nueu $%Ü /fh:j dw];af6 ;+sng x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

      g]kfnsf] sl/a *)Ü hgtf cfo / /f]huf/Lsf nflu s[lifdf cfl>t 5g\ . k"/} d'n'ssf] s"n ufx{\:y pTkfbgdf o; If]qsf] s/La #^Ü of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] d'Vo s[lif afnLx¿sf] pTkfbgdf vfBfGg afnLsf] c+z nueu %)Ü /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] d'Vo vfBfGg afnLx¿ dWo] wfg / ux'“ d'Vo x'g\ . wfg, ux'“, pv'“ / t]nxgsf] pTkfbgsf] t'ngfTds cWoog ubf{ dw];sf] If]q s[lif pTkfbgsf] d'Vo ks]6 If]q /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cf= j= @)^#÷^$ df b]zsf] s"n wfg, ux“', pv'“ / t]nxgsf] pTkfbg dWo] j|mdzM &!=$, ^%=*, (*=& / &$=& k|ltzt dw];df pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . o;/L tYonfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ k'/} d'n'snfO{ vfBfGgdf ;DkGg kfg{ dw]; Ps ;Ifd k|b]z x'g]5 . /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfnsf k|d'v cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] l:yltnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ clwsf+z vfB kbfy{, k]o kbfy{, lrgL, lrof, sfuh tyf cGo a:t'x¿ pTkfbg ug{sf nflu rflxg] pko'St jftfj/0fsf] lx;fan] dw]; k"0f{ ¿kdf ;Ifd b]lvG5 . pBf]u ;+rfngsf nflu ljb]zL nufgLsf] ;+efjgf klg o; If]qdf k|z:t /x]sf] 5 . ;]jf pBf]u, ko{6g pBf]u / s[lif pBf]usf dfWodaf6 o; If]qdf k|z:t dfqfdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . tnsf] tflnsaf6 dw];sf lhNnfx¿af6 d''Vo s[lifafnLdf vfBfGg, gub] afnL, kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L / kz'kfngaf6 /fd|f] cfo x'g] :ki6 x'g hfG5 .

s[lif pTkfbgaf6 dw]; k|b]znfO{ x'g ;Sg] cfDbfgL

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s+rgk'/	!@=^@	)=@*	!@=()
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alb{of	!#=)*	)=@(	!#=#&
bf+u	!&=*!	)=$)	!*=@@
slkna:t'	!*=&(	)=$@	!(=@!
?kGb]xL	@)=**	)=$&	@!=#%
gjnk/f;L	!%=*^	)=#^	!^=@@
lrtjg	!!=#&	)=@^	!!=^#
k;f{	!$=!%	)=#@	!$=$&
af/f	!$=$*	)=##	!$=*!
/f}tx6	!^=*$	)=#*	!&=@@
;nf{xL	$#=%#	)=(*	$$=%!
wg'iff	$@=!(	)=(%	$#=!$
dxf]Q/L	#%=*(	)=*!	#^=&)
l;/xf	$!=!)	)=(@	$@=)@
;Kt/L	$)=**	)=(@	$!=*)
;'g;/L	@!=&!	)=$(	@@=@)
df]/+u	#!=$^	)=&!	#@=!&
emfkf	@(=%&	)=^&	#)=@$
hDdf	$&@=*#	!)=^^	$*#=$(

      &_ k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknJwtf M dw];sf xfn ljBdfg lhNnfx¿ k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;Ifd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oxf“ dw];sf laleGg lhNnfx¿df k|fs[lts ;f]taf6 x'g;Sg] cfDbfgLnfO{ b]vfO{Psf] 5 . o; cg';f/ dw];sf k|fo;M x/]s lhNnfaf6 lgsf;L x'g] 9'+uf÷afn'jf / lu§L]nfO{ cfosf] ¿kdf lnO{Psf] 5 . hn ljB'tnfO{ k|fo;M kxf8L If]q jf k|b]zsf] ;+efJo cfosf] ¿kdf laZn]if0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;xdt x'g ;lsb}g . o;sf] nfesf] xsbf/ hn ljB't pTkfbg s]Gb| /xg] :yfgsf] k|b]z klg x'g] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g\ . ;fy} h'g k|b]z eP/ gbL aUb5–laleGg cGt/f{li6«o cEof;x¿sf] cfwf/df klg ;f] If]q nfesf] xsbf/ x'g]g} 5 . hn ljB'tsf] cfonfO{ u0fgf ubf{ pQm dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . dw];df ko{6gsf] Jofks ;+efjgf /x]klg xfn To;sf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5}g\ . o; tflnsfdf hgsk'/wfd / n'lDagL h:tf :yflkt s]Gb|x¿sf] pknAw cfonfO{ dfq cWoogsf] nflu cfwf/ dflgPsf]   5 . o;} u/L sf7, bfp/f tyf hl8a'6Lsf] ;Gbe{df pknAw tYof+snfO{ g} cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . 

laleGg k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 dw]; k|b]znfO{ x'g ;Sg] cfDbfgL

dw];sf lhNnfx¿	laleGg k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 x'g ;Sg] cfDbfgLx¿  -?= s/f]8df_
	9'+uf÷afn'jf / lu§L	hn ljB't	ko{6g	sf7÷bfp/f÷hl8a'6L
s+rgk'/	*&)=*)		)=^!	!=*(
s}nfnL	*&)=))	#***=))		@=#)
af“s]	!$(=#)			$=$%
alb{of	!$(=#)	!@(^=))	#=$#	$=(!
bf+u	!$(=#)			#!=$@
slkna:t'	&=%)			)=*&
?kGb]xL	&=%)		$$=))	!=&*
gjnk/f;L	&=%)	!)@=*@		$=#!
lrtjg	!=!)	@#%=#&	$^=#!	#=()
k;f{	!=!)		*=(#	&=!@
af/f	!=!)			!!=!!
/f}tx6	!=!)			%=#(
;nf{xL	!=!)			)=^!
wg'iff	!=!)		!@=%)	%=!%
dxf]Q/L	!=!)			!=*$
l;/xf	@=#)			)=&!
;Kt/L	@=#)	@(&=))		#=#%
;'g;/L	@=#)	!!**=))	@=!$	#=*#
df]/+u	@=#)	%=^@		@=$*
emfkf	@=#)			)=@!
hDdf	@@@*=!)	&)!@=*!	!!&=(@	(&=^#

      ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] ljZjJofkL l;4fGt adf]lhd ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t /x]sf ljleGg k|b]zx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf ljQLo cfjZostf cg';f/sf] /fh:jsf] k|of{Kttf x'g h?/L x'G5 . h;n] To; k|b]zsf] ljQLo :yfloTjdf ;xof]u    k'–ofp“b5 . g]kfndf /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ug]{ ;+be{df ;du| dw]z Ps k|b]Zf ljQLo ;+3Lotfsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd ljQLo :yfloTjsf] p2]Zon] k"0f{ ;Ifd /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ dflysf ;+lIfKt a"+bfut laZn]if0fn] k'i6L ub{5 .

      *_ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf M lgdf{0fflwg k|b]zx¿ :jfoQtf / :jzf;gsf b[li6n] ;an / ;Ifd x'g'kg]{ laifodf s'g} b'O{ dt 5}g\ . ef}uf]lnstf, hftLotf, pTkL8g, klxrfg cflb laifox¿ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k|b]z /rgfsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf rrf{ ug]{ ul/Pklg k|:tfljt k|b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdYo{tf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf, k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ dflgG5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k"jf{wf/df ;a}eGbf cfwf/e"t If]q ;8snfO{ dflgG5 . dw];df ;8ssf] k"jf{wf/ alnof] /x]sf] 5 . dw];e/Ldf s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf :t/Lo u/L s"n ;8ssf] ;+hfn #,$$,!%* ls=dL= /x]sf]   5 . k"j{df emfkf b]lv klZrddf s+rgk'/ lhNnf;Dd sl/j !% ;o ls=dL= x'nfsL ;8ssf] /]vf+sg e};s]sf] 5 . lgdf{0fflwg of] ;8s jf:tjdf efjL dw]; k|b]zsf] hLjg /]vf g}  x'g]5 . 

      g]kfnsf] s"n !$& nfv x]S6/ If]qkmn dWo] sl/j &) xhf/ x]S6/ If]qkmn ag h+unn] 9fs]sf] 5 . h;dWo] leqL dw];df (,%@,%!( x]S6/ / t/fO{df !),)^,%@^ x]S6/ ag h+un /x]sf] 5 . of] ag h+unsf] s"n IF]qkmnsf] @&=&!∞ x'g cfp“5 . g]kfnsf] s'n ag If]q dWo] !& k|ltzt ;d'bfon] Aoj:yfkg u/]sf 5g\ . @)%* ;fnsf] tYof+s cg';f/ agIf]qaf6 sl/j ^! s/f]8 ?k}of /fhZj ;+sng eO{/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] $)∞ /sd ;fd'bflos agIf]qaf6 ;+sng eO{/x]sf] 5 . clwsf+z ;fd'bflos agIf]q t/fO{ / dw]; If]qd} kb{5 .

      g]kfndf ag h+unsf] ljt/0f ef}uf}lns If]qx¿df c;dfg 5 . If]qut ¿kdf x]bf{ kxf8L If]qdf a9L 5 eg], t'ngfTds ¿kdf t/fO{ If]qdf sd / lxdfndf clt sd 5 . t/fO{df w]/} ag h+un gb]lvPklg ag k}bfjf/ / o;af6 x'g] cfly{s d"Nosf] cfwf/df a9L ;DkGg 5 . cfh;Dd ag If]qaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf] cfly{s cfosf] 7'nf] lx:;f t/f{O If]qdf ePsf ag k}bfjf/x¿af6 pknAw x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf sl/j @),))) 6g -nueu @) ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/_ d"No hltsf] ag k}bfjf/ sRrf kbfy{ lgof{t x'g] cg'dfg 5 . dw];sf laleGg efudf u/L kf“r j6f jGohGt' cf/If / lgs'~hx¿ 5g\ . sf]zL 6Kk", k;f{ jGohGt', lrtjg, alb{of / z'Snfkmf“6f u/L kf“r j6} cf/If tyf lgs'~hn] ;Dk"0f{ dw];sf] #,*&( ju{ ls=dL= e"efu 9fs]sf] 5 .

      g]kfndf hnljB'tsf] k|r'/ ;+efjgf /x]sf]df s'g} ljjfb g} 5}g . o:tf] hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k|fo;M ;a} lgdf{0f :yn kxf8L k|b]zx¿d} /xg' :jefljs g} xf] . xfn;Dd b]lvPsf]df ?kGb]xL lhNnfsf] ;"o{k'/f Psdfq hnljB't s]Gb| dw];df 5 . of] ef/t–g]kfn ;Demf}tf cg';f/ lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . 7"nf hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fsf] bfloTj tyf To;af6 x'g] cfo s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] x'g] laifodf klg vf;} ljjfb 5}g . t/ g]kfn ca ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg] ;Gbe{df ef}uf]lns ¿kdf pQ/af6 au]/ dw]; x'b} ef/t tkm{ aUg] ;a} gbLaf6 g]kfn / ef/tsf aLr Joj;flos ;dembf/L e} ef/ts} e"lddf lgdf{0f x'g] hnljB't cfof]hgaf6 tNnf] t6Lo k|b]zsf] ;/sf/nfO{ s;/L nfesf] ljt/0f ug]{ of] laifodf vf;} 5nkmn e}/x]sf] 5}g . o;/L g} g]kfnsf] hnljB'tsf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ ;f]em} kxf8L k|b]zsf] nfesf] laifo eg]/ laZn]if0f ug]{ ul/G5 . t/ pkNnf] efudf dfgj l;lh{t sf/0fx¿af6 pTkGg ePsf] kof{j/0fLo b'ik|efjsf] u+eL/ gsf/fTds k|efj dw]; If]qdf kl//x]sf]n] To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ s;/L tnsf] k|b]zn] kfpg]–of] lg?k0f x'g' kg]{ u+eL/ laifo xf] . o; ;Gbe{df vf; u/L @@ ldlnog lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf /x]sf] sf]zLsf] laifo, @! ldlnog lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf /x]sf] u08sLsf] laifo / #@ ldlnog lsnf]jf6 Ifdtf /x]sf] s0ff{nLsf] laifo ;f]em} dw]; k|b]zsf] ;/f]sf/ tyf xssf] laifo xf] .     

      (_ k|zf;lgs ;'udtf M k|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] ;Gbe{df ;a} eGbf ljrf/0fLo laifo pko'Qm ef}uf]lnstf, cg's"n hnjfo' tyf df};d, oftfoft ;]jf, ;+rf/ / k|b]z jf If]qsf] ;a} efudf k|zf;gsf] kx'“r x'g' xf] . ;Dk"0f{ dw];nfO{ Pp6} k|b]zsf] ¿kdf dfGotf lb+bf cGo k|b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf o; k|b]zsf] If]qkmn 7"nf] b]lvP klg ef}uf]lns cfwf/df of] cToGt ;'ud x'g]5 . k"/} dw];df ;dfg k|sf/sf] e"uf]n /x]sf]df w]/} elg/xg' kb}{g . g]kfndf aGg] tyf xfn k|:tfj ul/Psf s'g} klg k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf dw]; ;'ud x'g]5 / k|:tfljt s'g} klg k|b]zsf] s'g} ;LdfGt :yfgaf6 d'Vo k|zf;lgs s]Gb|sf] b"/L tyf kx'“r eGbf dw];sf] To:tf] :yfg glhs x'g]5 . dw];sf k|fo;M ;a} lhNnfx¿ k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{ tyf lhNnfsf] cfGtl/s klSs ;8ssf] ;+hfnaf6 /fd|/L cfj4 /x]sf 5g\ .

      pknAw tYof+ssf cfwf/df dw];sf lhNnfx¿ s+rgk'/df @#$ ls=dL=, s}nfnLdf $^) ls=dL=, af“s]df #*! ls=dL=, alb{ofdf #)$ ls=dL=, bf+udf %@! ls=dL=, slkna:t'df ##^ ls=dL=, ?kGb]xLdf #)) ls=dL=, gjnk/f;Ldf @%) ls=dL=, lrtjgdf &(^ ls=dL=, k;f{df ##^ ls=dL=, af/fdf #@! ls=dL=, /f}tx6df @@& ls=dL=, ;nf{xLdf %!! ls=dL=, dxf]Q/Ldf $^* ls=dL=, wg'iffdf ^*$ ls=dL=, l;/xfdf #)) ls=dL=, ;Kt/Ldf #!) ls=dL=, ;'g;/Ldf $&! ls=dL=, df]/+udf ^** ls=dL= / emfkfdf %(^ ls=dL= -/fhdfu{, lkm8/ /f]8, lhNnf dfu{ / zx/L dfu{ ;d]t u/L_ ;8ssf] ;+hfn /x]sf]  5 . ;'b"/ k"j{sf] sfs8le§f b]lv ;'b"/ klZrdsf] u¶frf}s;Dd k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{sf] b"/L !)@* ls=dL= 5 . pbfx/0f dfqsf] nflu dfgf}, olb aL/u+hsf] cf;kf;df dw]; k|b]zsf] k|zf;lgs s]Gb| sfod ug]{ xf] eg] sfs8le§faf6 Toxf“;Ddsf] b"/L nueu #() ls=dL= x'g]5 . o;/L g} s+rgk'/ lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/ b]lv aL/u+h jf To; :yfgsf] b"/L nueu ^*) ls=dL= x'g]5 . ;fdfGo lgljWg ¿ksf] ;8s oftfoftaf6 ^ b]lv !) 3+6fdf k"j{ / klZrd b'a} efuaf6 dw];sf] d'Vo k|zf;lgs s]Gb|df k'Ug ;lsG5 .

      cfh /fHosf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df08f}+sf] ljsNk vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] lgwf{/0f gx'~h]n;Dd sf7df08f}+nfO{ s]Gb| dfg]/ ljrf/ ubf{ k"j{ / klZrdaf6 sf7df08f}+, pQ/sf] lxdfnL k|b]zaf6 sf7df08f}+, k"j{ pQ/af6 sf7df08f}+sf] b"/L jf/] ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg] s;}sf] nflu sf7df08f} ;xh tyf glhs gdflgg ;lsG5 . sfs8le§faf6 sf7df08f}sf] ;8s b"/L nueu ^!% ls=dL= x'ghfG5 . s+rgk'/ lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/af6 klg sf7df08f}+sf] ;8s b"/L ^() ls=dL= 5 . aL/u+haf6 sf7df8f}+sf] b"/L @&% ls=dL= 5 . bfr'{nfaf6 / tfKn]h'ªaf6 sf7df08f}sf] b"/Ln] sf7df08f}+af6 /fhwfgLsf] ljsNk vf]Hg] sfdnfO{ slxNo} k|f]T;flxt u/]g . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ ;a}n] :jLsf/ u/]s} 5 . pko'Qm{ tYox¿sf] cfnf]sdf dw]; Ps k|b]zsf] ¿kdf k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fn] ;'ud g} dflgg]5 .

      o;sf] ;fy} dw];df aiff}+ klxn] b]lvsf] ;+rf/sf] ljBdfgtf, k'/} dw];sf] ;dfg ;dlztf]i0f hnjfo', Ps} k|sf/sf] / Ps} ;dodf cfpg] dg;'g tyf v]tL k|0ffnL h:tf ;a} laz]iftfn] ubf{ k|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] sf]0faf6 dw]; Pp6} k|b]z x'g] z;Qm cfwf/ /x]klg dw];sf] ljefhg ul/g' pko'Qm 5}g\ .              

;ldlt ;dIf k|:t't gS;fdf u+eL/ cfklQsf laifox¿

!_ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df g]kfndf hftLo, If]qLo / eflifs cfwf/df k|b]zsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . pk ;ldltn] o; cl3 k"0f{ ;ldltsf ;dIf b'O{ j6f j}slNks gS;fx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] xf] . o;df ;ldltsf] clGtd a}7sdf x]/km]/ ul/of] . of] gS;fdf k'/} d'n'se/ ;dfg cfwf/df, ;dfg of]Uotf cg';f/ k/:k/ ;Da4 If]qx¿ -cluster_ 5'6\ofpg] sfo{ ePsf] 5}g . kxf8L If]qdf k|fo;M ;a} k|b]z hfltut ¿kdf 5'6\ofO{of] eg] dw];df tYoxLg cfwf/, ldl>t a;f]jf; / efiffsf] cfwf/ -af/Daf/ yf¿jfg, n'lDagL ef“j/, cjw–yf¿, cjw–ef]hk'/f, klZrd dw];, gf/fo0fL, dw];, hgsk'/–l;d|f}gu9, la/f6, sgsfO{ / la/f6 sf]r cflb gfds/0f_ lnO{of] .

@_ k/Dk/f b]lv t/fO{÷dw];sf] c+u /x]sf] s+rgk'/ lhNnfsf] dx]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf / Toxf“ b]lv klZrdsf If]qnfO{ pQ/sf] pkNnf] s0ff{nL÷vKt8 gfdwf/L k|b]z;+u hf]l8of] . of] k|:tfljt n'lDagL ef“j/ jf y¿x6 k|b]zsf] k"jf{wf/sf] :ki6 x/0f elgP kl5 o;df clGtd ;dodf kl/jt{g ul/of] .

#_ kl5Nnf] k6s k|:t't gS;fdf klZrddf s+rgk'/ b]lv k"j{ gjnk/f;L;Ddsf] If]qnfO{ yf¿jfg gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|:tfljt If]qsf] gfds/0f Toxf“sf afx'No ;d'bfosf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5}g . oxf“ ;a} u}/ yf¿ dw];L ;d'bfosf] s"n hg;+Vof #)=(^∞ 5 eg], yf¿ ;d'bfosf] s"n hg;+Vof @%=!$∞ dfq /x]sf] 5g\ .

      o; If]q dWo] slkna:t' lhNnfdf u}/ yf¿ dw];L / yf¿ hg;+Vof j|mdzM ^&=)(∞ / !@=)%∞ /x]sf] 5 . ?kGb]xL lhNnfdf u}/ yf¿  dw];L / yf¿ hg;+Vof j|mdzM $*=)@∞ / !)=)^∞ /x]sf] 5 . / gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf u}/ yf¿ dw];L / yf¿ hg;+Vof j|mdzM @(=)$∞ / !^=)%∞ /x]sf] 5 . af“s] lhNnfdf u}/ yf¿ dw];L / yf¿ hg;+Vof j|mdzM $(=)@∞ / !^=)$∞ /x]sf] 5 . o;/L o; k|b]zsf] u7gdf jf gfds/0fsf] cfwf/ Jojxfl/s / a}1flgs 5}g\ .

$_ k|:tfljt gS;fdf lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ slyt ldlynf dw];af6 / yf¿jfgaf6 aflx/, b'a} k|b]zsf] aLrdf dWojtL{ If]qsf] ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf] cfwf/ laNs'n} a}1flgs 5}g\ . lrtjg P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{d} dw];÷t/fO{sf] e"efu   xf] . o; lhNnfdf r"/] kj{tsf] j|md 6'6]sf] 5 / r"/] kj{t blIf0fsf] ef/t–g]kfn ;Ldf;+u hf]l8g uPsf] 5 . em08} ;Ldfdf g} kfgL 9nf] -ridge_ k/]sf] 5 . oxf“ eGbf pQ/ tyf gf/fo0fu9÷e/tk'/ blIf0fsf] If]q k/Dk/f b]lv g} yf¿ ;d'bfosf] a;f]jf;sf If]q x'g\ . k'/} lrtjg lhNnfdf kj{t] hg;+Vof #,(@,)!^ /x]sf]df df8L If]qdf yf¿ / dw];L hg;+Vof u/L &#,!&* /x]sf] 5 . df8L If]q k;f{ lhNnfsf] k;f{ jGohGt' cf/If / lrtjg cf/If x'b} k"j{af6 klZrd blIf0f tkm{ au]sf] /fKtL gbLsf] blIf0fsf] efu xf] . of] klZrddf gjnk/f;Lsf] ;':tf uf=lj=;=df hf]l8G5,h'g dw];L ;d'bfosf] afx'No a;f]jf;sf] If]q xf] . ef}uf]lns lg/Gt/tf, P]ltxfl;stf, k/Dk/fut hftLo a;f]jf; ;a} dxTjk"0f{ ;Gbe{x¿af6 dw];sf] cleGg efu /x]sf] lrtjg lhNnfdf dw];sf] lj:tf/ e+u ePsf] dfGg] s'g} a}1flgs cfwf/ 5}g\ .

%_ o;/L ;j{yf cdfGo x'g] / unt cfwf/df lrtjgsf] lgx"“df dw];nfO{ ljeflht u/]/ k;f{ b]lv k"j{ emfkf;DdnfO{ ldlynf dw]; gfds/0f k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . -o; cl3 ;'g;/L / df]/+u lhNnfsf] clwsf+z efunfO{ ^ k|b]zsf] gS;fg';f/ k|:tfljt >[h+uf jf lj/f6sf]r k|b]zdf anft\ ldnfpg vf]lhPsf] lyof] . ;'g;/L, df]/+u / emfkf lhNnf ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / lg/Gt/tf, P]ltxfl;stf, k/Dk/fut hftLo a;f]jf; / ;+:s[lt ;a} dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/x¿af6 dw];sf] cleGg c+u /x]sf] xf] ._ k;f{ b]lv emfkf;Ddsf] s"n hg;+Vof dWo] dw];L ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof $#,^*,^!)   5 . yf¿ ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof $,@%,^#$ 5 eg] kj{t] ;d'bfosf] hg;+Vof !&,&^,*() /x]sf] 5 .

^_ k;f{ b]lv k"j{ dw]; k|b]zsf] gS;f+sg ul/bf“ pbok'/ lhNnfsf] lqo'uf vf]+rdf k/Dk/f b]lv /x]sf] yf¿ / dw];L ;d'bfosf xl8of, lzjfo, ;'Gb/k'/ / tk]:j/L h:tf yf¿ afx'No uf=lj=;=x¿ / yf¿ ;d'bfosf] pn]Vo hg;+Vof ePsf] ufO{3f6 gu/kflnsf -s]xL bzs cl3 yf¿ ax'n_ k|:tfljt gS;fg';f/ ;'gsf]zL / ls/ft k|b]zdf ljlng x'g] cj:yf kfl/Psf] 5 . o;/L pbok'/ lhNnfsf] !# k|ltzt yf¿÷dw];L hg;+Vof dfyL kg]{ ca}1flgs l:yly v8f ePsf] 5 .

&_ ;ldltsf ;dIf k|:t't e} kfl/t ul/Psf] gS;fsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnO{Psf] k/:k/ ;Da4 If]qx¿ -cluster_ 5'6\ofpg] sfo{ Psbd} Jojxfl/s / a}1flgs 5}g\ . dw]; / kxf8 b'a} If]qdf hfthfltsf] jf efiffefifLsf] k/:k/ ;Da4 If]qx¿ -cluster_ agfpbf“ s'g} Ps uf=lj=;=df ! hgfsf] ;+Vofn] klg s'g} Ps hflt jf eflifs ;d'bfo a9L b]lvg cfPdf -uf=lj=;=sf] ax'dt xf]O{g, s'g} Ps ;d'xsf] ! hgfn] klg a9L ePsf]_ ;f] hft÷hflt jf efiff÷efifL jf ;d'bfosf] k/:k/ ;Da4 If]q -cluster_ agfO{Psf] xf] . vf;u/L dw];sf] If]qdf o:tf] Sni6/ agfpbf“ yf¿ ;d'bfosf] ;Gbe{df ;f] ;d'bfo / kxf8L ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf ;a} kj{t] ;d'bfo, To;} u/L dw];L ;d'bfosf] ¿kdf ;a} dw];L ;d'bfosf hftx¿nfO{ gldnfO{sg ofbj jf sf]O{/L cflb s'g} Ps hftnfO{ dfq cfwf/ dflgPsf] x'bf“ oyfy{df ;d'bfout -community based_ k/:k/ ;Da4 If]q -cluster_ ag]sf] 5}g . t;y{ k|b]z /rgfsf] ;Gbe{df jf:tljs klxrfg aGg ;s]sf] 5}g\ .

*_ ;ldltn] l;4fGtM k|b]z leq aGg] :jfoQ If]qx¿, laz]if If]qx¿ / ;+/lIft If]qx¿ k|b]zn] g} agfpg] s'/f :jLsf/ ul/P klg ;ldltsf] clGtd a}7sdf pk ;ldlt e+u ePsf] 3f]if0ff kl5 xr'jfsf] e/ lagf cWoog / cfwf/df k|:tfj e} ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ul/g' ;j{yf cg'lrt xf] .

      ;+;f/ e/ g} k|b]zsf] /rgfsf nflu cfwf/e"t ¿kdf ;dfg k|sf/s} cfwf/x¿nfO{ ckgfOPsf] kfO{G5 . h; cg';f/ g]kfndf ljBdfg hftLo, juL{o, ;dflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f“:s[lts, eflifs, ;fd'bflos, If]qut h:tf cg]s klxrfgx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf M hftLo÷;d'bfo, eflifs, ;f“:s[lts, ef}uf]lns÷If]qut lg/Gt/tf / P]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tfnfO{ xfdLn] :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] ;fy} k|:tfljt k|b]zsf] ;fdYo{nfO{ klg plQs} Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . k|b]zx¿sf] cfly{s ;fdy{sf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s cGt/;DaGw / ;fdYo{tf, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf, k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknJwtf / Kf|zf;lgs ;'udtfsf] laifodf xfdL ;xdt /x]sf 5f}+ . ;du|tfdf eGg' kbf{ g]kfndf /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] nflu M !_ If]qLo pTkL8gnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ ;Sg] ;+/rgf, @_ ef}uf]lns Ps¿ktf jf lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg], #_ ;dfg k|sf/sf hfltut ;3gtf jf cGt/cfj4tfsf] /Iff ug]{, $_ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fd'bflos ljz]iftfdf hf]8 lbg], %_ ;f“:s[lts ;3gtfsf If]qnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fVg], ^_ Efflifs ;3gtfsf If]qx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fVg] , &_ ;dfg k|sf/sf] pBdzLntf jf cfly{s s[ofsnfk / *_ k|zf;lgs ;'udtf d'Vo cfwf/ /xg] o; ;ldltn] lglZrt ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ oL ;a dfGotf / :jLsfl/Psf] tYox¿sf] ljkl/t k|:tfljt k|b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof, ;Ldf+sg / gfds/0fsf] cg';"rL tof/ ul/Psf]n] dnfO{ cdfGo 5 . t;y{ of] km/s dt k]z u/]sf] 5' . wGojfb .

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Marriage, Citizenship, Nepal, Madhes, And The Anti-Madhesi Ideology

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Despite the April 2006 revolution that got rid of the feudal monarchy, and two Madhesi revolutions in 2007 and 2008, and the election of April 2008 that put three major Madhesi parties on the map, the political discourse in Nepal seems to keep wanting to go back to its old tradition of virulent anti-Madhesi prejudice.

The two Bahuns Girija Koirala and Madhav Nepal ganged up and made Bijay Gachhedar Deputy Prime Minister with the express intention to split the MJF and succeeded. All those Madhesi MPs are still there, but the pro-Madhes momentum was lost due to the MJF split. The UML similarly split the Sadbhavana in the early 1990s by elevating Hridayesh Tripathy to the post of chair of the Public Accounts Committee.

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Putting Parmananda Jha to the dishonor of having been elected Vice President but no longer holding office was yet another blow to the Madhes. Just like Nepali is the link language in the hills, Hindi is the link language in the Terai plains. BP Koirala knew that six decades ago. Girija Koirala still does not know that today. The intense hostility to the Hindi language is one of the basic propositions of the Mahendra Path. The Panchayat is long gone, the monarchy is gone, but the basic teaching of Mahendra Path is very much still in place in the Pahadi mindset.
The Maoist hostility to Ram Baran Yadav is yet another step in the same direction. It was Prachanda who disrespected the constitution, not Ram Baran. It was Prachanda who took a major decision without taking his coalition partners along with him. It was Prachanda who bypassed the president and sent his letter straight to the army headquarters.

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Goes on to show that the Madhesi parties can win elections, a whole bunch of Madhesis can end up in the cabinet, the Pahadi parties might even pay lip service to the concept of federalism, but the virulent anti-Madhesi ideology and worldview is something that goes deeper. That ideology and worldview has to be tackled head on. And making sure that Hindi gets its rightful place in Nepal's constitution is the very epicenter of that struggle. The Hindi language is fundamental to the Madhesi identity. The ongoing attack on the Hindi language is an ongoing attack on the Madhesi peoples and our identity. It is a plot to still deny our rightful place in a new Nepal.

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The Pahadis are still going to try and short shift us on federalism. In recent weeks the Nepali Congress came out saying it wants one representative from each of the 14 zones in Nepal into its central committe. The 14 zones idea is another teaching of Mahendra Path. The Nepali Congress wants to cling to it. Girija's hostility to what he calls horizontal states is yet another attack on the Madhesi identity.

The relationship between Nepal and India is unique in the world. You don't find such an arrangement anywhere else, not US-Canada, although that comes close. The languages spoken in Nepal's Terai are also spoken in India across the border. Culturally we are the same people split by a political border. But the Pahadis who claim Indian Idol Prashant Tamang as their own pretend to struggle with the fact that the Madhesi peoples are one in blood with the peoples right across the border.

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A new conspiracy is being hatched to put into law a provision that if a Nepali citizen were to marry a foreign national, that foreign national will have to wait 15 years before they can be issued citizenship certificates. This is the same mindset that says Indians working in Nepal should need work permits when the truth is many, many more Nepalis go to India to work. India is a much richer country than Nepal. That's why.

That fantasy to put in place the 15 year provision is yet another expression of Pahadi prejudice and Mahendra Path nationalism. If you don't speak Nepali, if you don't wear Daura Suruwal, you are suspect. Come to think of it, Prachanda was wearing a suit when he was sworn in as Prime Minister. He was not ousted by the Supreme Court, but Parmananda Jha was. That is how prejudice works.

Image by paramendra via Flickr

The inter-country marriage works both ways. Half the Madhesi marriages are in India, roughly speaking. As many Madhesi women end up in India after marriage as come to Nepal from India. So this is not a population growth issue. This is a prejudice issue. The Madhesi leaders have to rise up and wage a war of words.

Another key thing we have to watch out for is the Pahadis might work out three states for the Terai, and 10 states for the hills, and then come out saying each state should have 10 MPs each in the Upper House. If they manage that, that will be like shoving permanent colonization upon the Madhesi peoples. 

The current arrangement of immediate citizenship to Indians who marry Madhesis has to be institutionalized further. Hindi has to be given the same status as Nepali in Nepal. Federalism has to be established and strengthened. Equality has to be achieved on behalf of the Madhesi peoples.

Nepal citizenship law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Clear Wireless Internet Makes Holiday Shopping Easy

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