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Thursday, June 12, 2025

Beyond the Drama: Rethinking the Global Conversation on Trade



Beyond the Drama: Rethinking the Global Conversation on Trade

The mainstream U.S. media’s coverage of the so-called “trade war” has been anything but illuminating. The term itself is a contradiction in spirit. Trade, at its core, is about mutual benefit and peaceful cooperation—the very opposite of war. Yet, we are fed a daily stream of headlines that turn global economic policy into reality TV: Trump strikes! Trump retreats! Trump roars! Trump whimpers! This is not trade analysis. This is spectacle.

And therein lies the problem. The media's obsession with titillation over understanding has left the public ill-informed on one of the most consequential areas of modern geopolitics. Trade is not a game of personality. It is a delicate, dynamic mechanism that shapes the well-being of billions.

What’s missing from the coverage is any meaningful engagement with the actual impacts of this so-called war. Yes, we hear about price hikes at Walmart. Yes, there’s some mention of factory slowdowns in China. But what about the rest of the world? What about the dozens of poorer nations whose economic futures are caught in the crossfire? These are not footnotes—they are frontline casualties.

The Global South, in particular, is often sidelined in the trade discourse. Smaller economies that rely on exporting textiles, electronics components, or raw materials are among the hardest hit by the uncertainty and instability brought on by the weaponization of tariffs. These countries don’t have the luxury of strategic posturing—they survive by integrating into global supply chains that depend on stability and predictability.

We must move beyond the theater of trade and start having deeper, more systemic conversations. Fortunately, some books are pointing the way forward. Two books stand out in this regard:

  • Rethinking Trade: A Blueprint for a Just and Thriving Global Economy offers a comprehensive framework to restructure global trade so it prioritizes fairness, sustainability, and global equity over brute profit and power plays. It challenges the status quo of top-down globalization and makes the case for a new model that includes the voices and interests of the Global South.

  • Trump’s Trade War provides a detailed chronicle of the policies, rhetoric, and consequences of Trump-era trade strategies. It’s a sobering reminder that tariffs are not abstract tools—they are blunt instruments that can fracture economies and deepen inequalities when wielded recklessly.

These books are not just antidotes to media fluff. They are essential readings for anyone who wants to understand trade beyond headlines and hashtags.

In an age where every policy decision has global ripple effects, we need less drama and more depth. We need fewer Trumpisms and more trade literacy. We need journalism that sees beyond U.S. consumer prices and Chinese GDP numbers—and acknowledges the interconnected, vulnerable fabric of the global economy.

Let’s shift the focus from titillation to transformation. The stakes are too high to treat trade like a game.




12: United States

เคฌाเคฒेเคจ-เคนเคฐ्เค•เคธเคนिเคค เฅจเฅฆ เคœเคจाเคฌीเคš เคจเคฏाँ เคชाเคฐ्เคŸी เคจिเคฐ्เคฎाเคฃเคฌाเคฐे เค›เคฒเคซเคฒ, เคธुเคฎเคจा เคถ्เคฐेเคท्เค  เคธंเคฏोเคœเค• เคฌเคจाเค‰เคจे 'เคธเคนเคฎเคคि' ! เคตिเคญिเคจ्เคจ เคฆेเคถเคฎा เคฌเคธ्เคจे เค•ेเคนी เคฏुเคตाเคนเคฐूเคฒे เคฌाเคฒेเคจเค•ो เคจेเคคृเคค्เคตเคฎा เคชाเคฐ्เคŸी เคฌเคจाเค‰เคจเค•ा เค•ाเคฎ เค—เคฐिเคฐเคนेเค•ा เค›เคจ्।

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3: Bihar

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Tuesday, June 03, 2025

Pakistan’s Deep State, Imran Khan, and the Illusion of Democracy

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Pakistan’s Deep State, Imran Khan, and the Illusion of Democracy

On 11 September 2024, Amnesty International issued a statement that ripped through the illusion of democratic process in Pakistan. Their assessment was blunt and damning: the former Prime Minister, Imran Khan, remains in arbitrary detention—not due to the rule of law, but because of its subversion.

A year after Khan’s conviction, Amnesty noted "several fair trial violations under international human rights standards", directly linking these violations to the weaponization of the legal system. This is not a metaphor. It is a clinical description of a system hollowed out by political coercion, where due process exists only as theater, and justice is reserved for the powerful—or those serving them.

The Military’s Grip on Pakistan

The real power in Pakistan lies not in parliament, nor in the courts, nor with elected leaders. It lies with the military and the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). Together, they form what can only be described as a deep state oligarchy—an entity that controls not just national security, but the judiciary, media, economy, and now, politics. Pakistan today is not a democracy with military influence; it is a military regime with a democratic disguise.

Imran Khan’s fall from power—and his subsequent imprisonment—was not an organic legal process. It was engineered. Each court date, each charge, and each denial of bail or hearing was orchestrated with one goal: to remove him from the political equation. Why? Because Khan, for all his populist flaws, posed a challenge to the military’s absolute control. He galvanized street support. He questioned the military’s behind-the-scenes puppeteering. And he did what no civilian in decades dared to do—he made Pakistanis imagine civilian supremacy.

That, for the generals, was unforgivable.

Amnesty’s Warning, the World’s Silence

Amnesty International’s language is unusually clear. It calls for immediate release. It outlines a pattern of abuses. And it places the blame not just on legal institutions but on the system behind them. But international response has been tepid. Governments who claim to champion democracy continue to arm and engage Pakistan’s military elite under the guise of strategic stability. In effect, they are enabling the repression they publicly lament.

This silence is not neutrality; it is complicity.

The Need for a New Beginning

Pakistan does not need another election under the current constitution. Elections held under military tutelage are elections in name only. What Pakistan needs is a Constituent Assembly—freely elected, free from military interference, and mandated to write a new constitution that ensures civilian supremacy, judicial independence, and press freedom.

This is not a radical proposition. It is a necessity for survival. Because if the current trajectory continues, Pakistan will not evolve into a flawed democracy. It will regress further into military feudalism—a state owned not by its people, but by an army that answers to no one but itself.

The Final Verdict

Imran Khan’s imprisonment is not just about one man. It is a litmus test for the soul of a nation. If Pakistanis—civil society, journalists, students, workers—do not demand a new social contract, one not underwritten by generals, then the dream of democracy in Pakistan will remain exactly that: a dream.

And dreams, under military regimes, are often crimes.


Sources:

  • Amnesty International (11 Sept 2024): “Pakistan: One Year on from Conviction of Imran Khan, Fair Trial Concerns Persist”

  • Ongoing reporting by Pakistani human rights organizations and international observers

  • PTIofficial on X: https://x.com/PTIofficial/status/1929945072621195432


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Monday, June 02, 2025

Optimal Building

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เคธเคฎ्เคชुเคฐ्เคฃ เคฆेเคถเค•ो เคฐाเคœเคงाเคจी เคตीเคฐเค—ंเคœ เคนुเคจुเคชเคฐ्เค›
เคฆेเคถ เค•ो เคฐाเคœเคงाเคจी เคธाเคฐ्เคจुเคชเคฐ्เค›

 


To design an optimal building prioritizing cost, natural light, fresh air, and floor space, we need to balance efficiency, functionality, and environmental factors. Below, we will outline the key considerations and propose a design based on these priorities, addressing each aspect of your question: number of floors, shape, materials, size, and location.


1. Number of Floors
The optimal number of floors depends on balancing cost (construction and operational) with floor space efficiency and access to natural light and fresh air.
  • 5–10 floors is likely optimal:
    • Why not 100 floors? High-rise buildings (e.g., 100 floors) significantly increase construction costs due to the need for advanced structural engineering, stronger foundations, high-speed elevators, and enhanced safety systems (e.g., fire suppression). Operational costs for heating, cooling, and maintenance also rise with height. Additionally, upper floors may have reduced access to fresh air due to wind speeds and safety concerns with operable windows.
    • Why not 1–2 floors? Single-story or low-rise buildings maximize natural light and fresh air but are land-inefficient, increasing costs in urban areas where land prices are high. They also limit floor space relative to the footprint.
    • Why 5–10 floors? Mid-rise buildings (5–10 floors) strike a balance:
      • Cost: They avoid the exponential structural and system costs of high-rises while maximizing land use.
      • Natural light: Lower heights ensure most floors receive ample daylight, especially with smart design (e.g., shallow floor plates).
      • Fresh air: Operable windows are more feasible at these heights, allowing natural ventilation without excessive wind issues.
      • Floor space: Multiple floors provide significant usable area without requiring an excessively large footprint.
  • Considerations: The exact number (e.g., 5 vs. 10) depends on the location’s land costs and zoning regulations. In dense urban areas, 10 floors may be more cost-effective; in suburban or rural areas, 5–7 floors may suffice.

2. Shape of the Building
The building’s shape impacts natural light, fresh air, and cost efficiency. Two shapes stand out: a rectangular box with a courtyard or a circular design with an open center (like Apple’s headquarters). Here’s the analysis:
  • Rectangular box with a courtyard:
    • Pros:
      • Natural light: A central courtyard allows light to penetrate from both the exterior and interior, especially for deeper floor plans. Shallow floor plates (e.g., 15–20 meters wide) ensure all spaces are within 7–10 meters of a window, maximizing daylight.
      • Fresh air: Courtyards facilitate cross-ventilation, as air can flow through the building from multiple directions.
      • Floor space: Rectangular designs are efficient for modular layouts (e.g., offices, apartments), maximizing usable space.
      • Cost: Rectangular shapes are simpler and cheaper to construct than curved designs, with standardized materials and less complex engineering.
    • Cons:
      • Less iconic or aesthetically unique compared to circular designs.
      • Courtyards reduce total floor area slightly compared to a solid rectangular box.
  • Circular design with an open center (e.g., Apple HQ):
    • Pros:
      • Natural light: The open center allows light to reach inner-facing spaces, similar to a courtyard.
      • Fresh air: The circular shape can promote airflow, especially in open-center designs, though wind patterns may be more complex.
      • Aesthetics: A circular building can be visually striking and innovative.
    • Cons:
      • Cost: Circular designs are more expensive due to non-standard materials, complex structural engineering (curved beams, walls), and higher construction waste.
      • Floor space: The open center reduces usable floor area compared to a rectangular courtyard design of the same footprint.
      • Practicality: Curved interiors can complicate furniture placement and space planning, reducing efficiency for offices or residences.
  • Optimal shape: Rectangular with a central courtyard. This shape maximizes natural light and fresh air while keeping construction costs low and floor space efficient. The courtyard can be landscaped or used as a communal space, enhancing occupant well-being. A modular, grid-like structure simplifies construction and allows flexibility for various uses (e.g., offices, housing, mixed-use).

3. Materials
Material choice affects cost, durability, sustainability, and the ability to support natural light and fresh air. The optimal materials balance affordability with performance.
  • Structural materials:
    • Mass timber (e.g., cross-laminated timber, CLT):
      • Pros: Cost-competitive with steel and concrete for mid-rise buildings (up to 10 floors). It’s sustainable, with a lower carbon footprint than concrete or steel. Timber allows for prefabrication, reducing construction time and costs. It also has aesthetic appeal, creating warm, inviting interiors.
      • Cons: Requires fireproofing treatments and may not be suitable in high-humidity or termite-prone areas without additional protection.
      • Why optimal: For 5–10 floors, mass timber is increasingly viable (e.g., projects like T3 in Minneapolis). It’s cost-effective, supports sustainability goals, and works well with modular designs.
    • Steel and concrete:
      • Pros: Durable, widely available, and suitable for a range of climates. Steel allows for large spans, creating open floor plans.
      • Cons: Higher embodied carbon and potentially higher costs than timber for mid-rise buildings. Concrete can feel cold and industrial unless treated.
      • When to use: In regions where timber isn’t viable (e.g., due to climate or regulations), steel-framed structures with concrete floors are a reliable fallback.
  • Facade materials:
    • High-performance glazing: Large, double- or triple-glazed windows with low-E coatings maximize natural light while minimizing heat gain/loss. Operable windows (e.g., tilt-turn) enhance fresh air access.
    • Brick or fiber cement cladding: Affordable, durable, and low-maintenance. Brick provides thermal mass, reducing energy costs, while fiber cement is lightweight and versatile.
    • Green walls or vertical gardens: On exterior or courtyard walls, these enhance air quality, aesthetics, and insulation while supporting biophilic design.
  • Roofing:
    • Green roof or solar panels: A green roof improves insulation, manages stormwater, and enhances air quality. Alternatively, solar panels reduce operational costs by generating renewable energy.
    • Reflective roofing: For hot climates, white or reflective roofs reduce cooling costs.
  • Optimal material mix:
    • Structure: Mass timber for cost, sustainability, and aesthetics.
    • Facade: High-performance glazing (50–70% window-to-wall ratio) for light and ventilation, combined with brick or fiber cement for durability.
    • Roof: Green roof or solar panels, depending on climate and budget.

4. Size
The building’s size should optimize floor space while ensuring access to natural light and fresh air.
  • Footprint: A footprint of 10,000–20,000 square meters (100,000–200,000 square feet) is practical for mid-rise buildings. This allows a courtyard design with shallow floor plates (15–20 meters wide) to ensure light and air reach all spaces.
  • Floor area: With 5–10 floors, total floor space could range from 50,000–200,000 square meters (500,000–2,000,000 square feet), depending on the site and use case (e.g., office, residential, mixed-use).
  • Courtyard size: The courtyard should be at least 20–30 meters wide to allow sufficient light penetration and air circulation. For example, a 100x100-meter footprint could have a 30x30-meter courtyard.
  • Ceiling height: Higher ceilings (3–4 meters) improve air circulation and create a sense of spaciousness, enhancing occupant comfort without significantly increasing costs.

5. Location
Location impacts cost (land prices), climate considerations (affecting light and ventilation), and urban context.
  • Optimal location: Suburban or peri-urban areas in temperate climates:
    • Why suburban? Land costs are lower than in dense urban centers, reducing overall project costs. Suburban areas often have fewer zoning restrictions, allowing flexibility in height and design.
    • Why temperate climates? Temperate regions (e.g., Mediterranean, parts of North America, or Europe) have moderate temperatures, maximizing the feasibility of natural ventilation and reducing reliance on mechanical HVAC systems. Examples include coastal California, southern Europe, or parts of Australia.
    • Urban considerations: In dense cities, the design can still work, but higher land costs may push toward the upper end of the 5–10-floor range to maximize floor space.
    • Avoid extremes: Extremely hot, humid, or cold climates increase energy costs for cooling or heating, reducing the effectiveness of natural ventilation.
  • Site-specific factors:
    • Orientation: The building should be oriented to maximize solar gain in colder climates (e.g., south-facing in the Northern Hemisphere) or minimize it in hotter climates (e.g., shaded facades).
    • Surroundings: Avoid sites surrounded by tall buildings that block light and air. Open or low-rise surroundings are ideal.

6. Additional Design Features
To fully optimize for the priorities:
  • Natural light:
    • Use light shelves or reflective surfaces to bounce daylight deeper into interiors.
    • Skylights or clerestory windows in the courtyard or roof to enhance light penetration.
    • Avoid deep floor plans (>20 meters) to ensure all spaces are near windows.
  • Fresh air:
    • Incorporate operable windows with automated controls tied to air quality sensors.
    • Use stack ventilation (e.g., vertical shafts or atria) to draw warm air upward and pull in cooler air from the courtyard or exterior.
    • Include ceiling fans to enhance air movement without mechanical cooling.
  • Cost efficiency:
    • Modular construction techniques (e.g., prefabricated timber panels) reduce labor and time costs.
    • Energy-efficient systems (e.g., LED lighting, heat-recovery ventilation) lower operational costs.
    • Durable, low-maintenance materials (e.g., brick, fiber cement) minimize long-term expenses.
  • Floor space:
    • Open-plan layouts maximize flexibility for tenants or occupants.
    • Courtyard as a functional space (e.g., gardens, seating) adds value without sacrificing usable floor area.

Summary of Optimal Building Design
  • Number of floors: 5–10 floors, balancing land use, cost, and access to light/air.
  • Shape: Rectangular with a central courtyard for light, air, and cost efficiency.
  • Materials: Mass timber structure, high-performance glazing, brick/fiber cement cladding, green or solar roof.
  • Size: 10,000–20,000 sqm footprint, 50,000–200,000 sqm total floor area, with a 20–30-meter-wide courtyard.
  • Location: Suburban/peri-urban area in a temperate climate, oriented for optimal solar exposure.
  • Additional features: Operable windows, light shelves, stack ventilation, modular construction, and energy-efficient systems.
This design prioritizes cost-effectiveness through simple geometry and sustainable materials, maximizes natural light and fresh air with a courtyard and shallow floor plates, and optimizes floor space with a mid-rise structure.